早竹的正确学名及原植物考证

概述了早竹学名变动的历史沿革,支持将Phyllostachys violascens(Carr.) A.et C.Riv.作为早竹的正确学名,而将Ph.praecox C.D.Chu et C.S.Chao减为其异名的分类学处理结果。通过文献考证和实物照片比较分析认为,在国产早竹复合体中,产于浙皖毗连地区的新秆深绿带紫色、密被白粉、节部紫色,老秆灰绿色或黄绿色并有暗黄色或淡褐色纵条纹,其土名称之为"土早竹"(也称"宽叶早竹")这一类型与Ph.violascens(Carr.) A.et C.Riv原植物相符。而Ph.praecox C.D.Chu et C.s.Chao模式植株则为栽培品种"余杭早竹",但其原发表时的营养器官形态描述中混有"土早竹"的特征。随着近20余年来"土早竹"资源的锐减,应加强其保护。     

六种重要玉米病害病原名称的厘定

真菌、细菌、病毒等引起的病害是玉米生产的重要威胁。在中国,玉米种植地域广,种植区生态类型多,病害种类复杂,常见病害有30余种。中国的玉米病害研究历史不足百年,从事研究的专业人员也较少,导致玉米病害知识的传播受到一定影响,其表现之一就是我国在一些玉米病害病原名称的采用上存在明显混乱,已被弃用的旧病原名称还在普遍应用。这种现状影响了玉米病害科学研究信息在国内和国际上的正常交流。本文梳理了瘤黑粉病、丝黑穗病、红叶病、北方炭疽病、圆斑病、黑束病6种玉米病害病原学名的历史变迁,重点结合近年在形态学和分子系统分类学等方面的研究进展,明确了这6种病害病原在目前应该采用的正确名称。(1)玉米瘤黑粉病病原无论是形态学和分子生物学都有别于Ustilago属物种的特征,已恢复其名称为1912年命名的Mycosarcoma maydis(DC.)Bref.(玉蜀黍瘿黑粉菌),曾被广为采用的Ustilago maydis(DC.)Corda(玉蜀黍黑粉菌)成为异名;(2)基于Sporisorium属与Sphacelotheca在寄主科选择上的差异以及对玉米丝黑穗病致病菌的形态学、寄主病害特征和多基因序列分析的结果,Sporisorium reilianum(J.G.Kühn)LangdonFullerton.(丝孢堆黑粉菌)被确定为玉米丝黑穗病病原的正确名称,而Sphacelotheca reiliana(J.G.Kühn)Clinton成为异名之一。由于Sporisorium reilianum种内存在对玉米和高粱的致病性分化,玉米致病菌又可称为Sporisoriumreilianum f.sp.zeae(丝孢堆黑粉菌玉米专化型);(3)普遍认为大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus,BYDV)引起玉米红叶病,但近年通过对致病病毒的测序,明确了多种病毒和株系是该病的病原。在中国,引起玉米红叶病的为马铃薯卷叶病毒属(Polerovirus)的小麦黄矮病毒-GPV(Wheat yellow dwarf virus-GPV)和玉米黄矮病毒-RMV(Maize yellow dwarf virus-RMV);(4)尽管在形态学方面有许多相似性,但通过多基因序列的比较研究,证明Kabatiella属完全有别于Aureobasidium属,因此,玉米北方炭疽病病原的学名应该采用Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka(玉蜀黍球梗孢),Aureobasidium zeae(Narita et Hiratsuka)Dingley作为异名处理;(5)分生孢子呈蠕孢状的真菌经历了数次属的变化,但形态学、基因序列信息、生活史、次生代谢物等特征的研究表明,引起玉米圆斑病的病原Bipolaris zeicola(G.L.Stout)Shoemaker(玉米生平脐蠕孢)是一个独立的物种,其无性态名称的保留得到了国际真菌命名委员会的同意;(6)对物种名称Cephalosporium acremonium的长期混乱使用使得其已经失去了纯粹种的含义,而Acremonium拥有150余个种并对应多个有性态属,已经成为了一个庞杂属。大量的分子生物学特征研究揭示了Acremonium属的异质性,以分子特征和形态学结合的方法,重新划分和新建了相关的属,Sarocladium strictum(W.Gams)Summerbell(直帚枝杆孢)成为了玉米黑束病病菌的新种名,而Cephalosporium acremonium Corda和Acremonium strictum Gams是其异名。     

农业科技期刊使用作物名称通俗化和规范化探讨

部分农业科技文章作者和部分科技期刊编辑对作物名称的通俗性理解不够全面,片面追求使用作物名称通俗化,导致科技期刊使用作物名称的混乱现象。针对这一思想认识,分析了片面追求使用作物名称通俗化的弊端,阐述了使用作物名称通俗化与规范化的关系,强调了统一使用作物规范名称的重要性。     

关于亚洲栽培稻（Oryza sativa L.）两个亚种命名的商榷

亚洲栽培稻目前国际上仍采用加藤提出的“indica”和“japonica”,即“印度型”和“日本型”,这种命名比较令人费解。文章通过对亚洲栽培稻亚种多种命名法的深入分析与比较,论证了籼亚种与粳亚种命名的科学性与适用性,并主张统一应用这种命名。     

基于径向基函数神经网络的地下水数值模拟模型的替代模型研究

近年来提出的替代模型方法是一种连接数值模拟模型与优化模型的有效途径,替代模型质量的好坏取决于采样方法和替代模型种类。以金泉工业园区地下水水源地为研究区,基于拉丁超立方抽样方法,结合研究区地下水数值模拟模型,获取输入(抽水量)输出(水位降深)数据集,运用人工神经网络方法,建立径向基函数神经网络模型,作为地下水数值模拟模型的近似替代模型。经验证,径向基函数神经网络模型输出得到的水位降深均值与模拟模型计算结果的拟合平均相对误差为0.038;水位降深剩余标准差的拟合平均相对误差为0.042。拟合平均相对误差较小,表明径向基函数神经网络模型能够有效地替代地下水数值模拟模型,为日后替代模型的深入研究提供了科学依据。     

Phylogeny and nomenclature of the genus Talaromyces and taxa accommodated in Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium

The taxonomic history of anamorphic species attributed to Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium is reviewed, along with evidence supporting their relationship with teleomorphic species classified in Talaromyces. To supplement previous conclusions based on ITS, SSU and/or LSU sequencing that Talaromyces and subgenus Biverticillium comprise a monophyletic group that is distinct from Penicillium at the generic level, the phylogenetic relationships of these two groups with other genera of Trichocomaceae was further studied by sequencing a part of the RPB1 (RNA polymerase II largest subunit) gene. Talaromyces species and most species of Penicillium subgenus Biverticilliumsensu Pitt reside in a monophyletic clade distant from species of other subgenera of Penicillium. For detailed phylogenetic analysis of species relationships, the ITS region (incl. 5.8S nrDNA) was sequenced for the available type strains and/or representative isolates of Talaromyces and related biverticillate anamorphic species. Extrolite profiles were compiled for all type strains and many supplementary cultures. All evidence supports our conclusions that Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium is distinct from other subgenera in Penicillium and should be taxonomically unified with the Talaromyces species that reside in the same clade. Following the concepts of nomenclatural priority and single name nomenclature, we transfer all accepted species of Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium to Talaromyces. A holomorphic generic diagnosis for the expanded concept of Talaromyces, including teleomorph and anamorph characters, is provided. A list of accepted Talaromyces names and newly combined Penicillium names is given. Species of biotechnological and medical importance, such as P. funiculosum and P. marneffei, are now combined in Talaromyces. Excluded species and taxa that need further taxonomic study are discussed. An appendix lists other generic names, usually considered synonyms of Penicillium sensu lato that were considered prior to our adoption of the name Talaromyces. TAXONOMIC NOVELTIES: Taxonomic novelties:New species - Talaromyces apiculatus Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, sp. nov. New combinationsand names - Talaromyces aculeatus (Raper & Fennell) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. albobiverticillius (H.-M. Hsieh, Y.-M. Ju & S.-Y. Hsieh) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. allahabadensis (B.S. Mehrotra & D. Kumar) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. aurantiacus (J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A. Foster) Samson, Yilmaz, & Frisvad, T. boninensis (Yaguchi & Udagawa) Samson, Yilmaz, & Frisvad, T. brunneus (Udagawa) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. calidicanius (J.L. Chen) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. cecidicola (Seifert, Hoekstra & Frisvad) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. coalescens (Quintan.) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. dendriticus (Pitt) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. diversus (Raper & Fennell) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. duclauxii (Delacr.) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. echinosporus (Nehira) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, comb. nov. T. erythromellis (A.D. Hocking) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. funiculosus (Thom) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. islandicus (Sopp) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. loliensis (Pitt) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. marneffei (Segretain, Capponi & Sureau) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. minioluteus (Dierckx) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. palmae (Samson, Stolk & Frisvad) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. panamensis (Samson, Stolk & Frisvad) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. paucisporus (Yaguchi, Someya & Udagawa) Samson & Houbraken T. phialosporus (Udagawa) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. piceus (Raper & Fennell) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. pinophilus (Hedgcock) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. pittii (Quintan.) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. primulinus (Pitt) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. proteolyticus (Kamyschko) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. pseudostromaticus (Hodges, G.M. Warner, Rogerson) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. purpurogenus (Stoll) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. rademirici (Quintan.) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. radicus (A.D. Hocking & Whitelaw) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. ramulosus (Visagie & K. Jacobs) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. rubicundus (J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A. Foster) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. rugulosus (Thom) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. sabulosus (Pitt & A.D. Hocking) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. siamensis (Manoch & C. Ramírez) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. sublevisporus (Yaguchi & Udagawa) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. variabilis (Sopp) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. varians (G. Sm.) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. verruculosus (Peyronel) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. viridulus Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad.     

关于森林经理学的正名,定位与开拓

森林经理学二字的释义,不一定视为经营与管理二词的缩写,而应是度量与筹划,森林经理学是森林资源度量与筹划的技术科学。     

《河南植物志》蹄盖蕨科增补与订正

报道了《河南植物志》中未记录的河南蹄盖蕨科(Athyriaceae)植物2属、6种和1变种,订正了7个分类群的学名.     

《河南植物志》鳞毛蕨科增补与订正

增补报道了《河南植物志》中未记录的河南产鳞毛蕨科（Dryoptendaceae）植物12种,并订正了一些分类群的学名。     

河北省燕山区板栗害虫调查初报

１９９７￣１９９９年,在河北省燕山板栗产区的遵化、兴隆、迁西等县（市）进行了板栗害虫的调查。经采集、饲养、现场拍照,结合有关资料鉴定、整理,初步确定板栗害虫、害螨共有１２９种,隶属于６个目４６个科。